We think about money as a law of nature, as a kind of constant, but the way that money works today is not only just one of many ways in which it could work, it’s a relatively recent invention in the great scheme of things. It wasn’t that long ago that the developed world was on a commodity standard (ie, gold) and there was no national fiat currency. Seventy five years ago, in America, there wasn’t even a circulating medium of exchange. At the height of the Great Depression, 1932 and 1933 , when the interest rate on U.S. Treasury bills was negative, unemployment was 25 percent and bank runs and closings were common, Americans reverted to barter. It’s hard to imagine now, but this is a time when the U.S.A. literally ran out of money. In his first week in office in 1933, FDR passed legislation to enforce bank holidays, end the convertability of gold and to force the population of to sell their gold to the Federal government. It’s surprising, I think, to Europeans to realise just how much...